Month: February 2023

Simultaneous assessment in vitro of transporter and metabolic processes in hepatic drug clearance: use of a media loss approach was written by Harrison, James;De Bruyn, Tom;Darwich, Adam S.;Houston, J. Brian. And the article was included in Drug Metabolism & Disposition in 2018.Application In Synthesis of 1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine This article mentions the following:

Hepatocyte drug depletion-time assays are well established for determination of metabolic clearance in vitro. The present study focuses on the refinement and evaluation of a “media loss” assay, an adaptation of the conventional depletion assay involving centrifugation of hepatocytes prior to sampling, allowing estimation of uptake in addition to metabolism Using exptl. procedures consistent with a high throughput, a selection of 12 compounds with a range of uptake and metabolism characteristics (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, indinavir, pitavastatin, repaglinide, rosuvastatin, saquinavir, and valsartan, with two control compounds-midazolam and tolbutamide) were investigated in the presence and absence of the cytochrome P 450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole and organic anion transporter protein inhibitor rifamycin SV in rat hepatocytes. Data were generated simultaneously for a given drug, and provided, through the use of a mechanistic cell model, clearance terms characterizing metabolism, active and passive uptake, together with intracellular binding and partitioning parameters. Results were largely consistent with the particular drug characteristics, with active uptake, passive diffusion, and metabolic clearances ranging between 0.4 and 777, 3 and 383, and 2 and 236μl/min per mg protein, resp. The same experiments provided total and unbound drug cellular partition coefficients ranging between 3.8 and 254 and 2.3 and 8.3, resp., and intracellular unbound fractions between 0.014 and 0.263. Following in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, the lowest prediction bias was noted using uptake clearance, compared with metabolic clearance or apparent clearance from the media loss assay alone. This approach allows rapid and comprehensive characterization of hepatocyte drug disposition valuable for prediction of hepatic processes in vivo. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine (cas: 1614-12-6Application In Synthesis of 1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine).

1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine (cas: 1614-12-6) belongs to triazole derivatives. The triazole ring is a relatively stable functional group, and the triazole bond can be used for a variety of applications, such as replacing the phosphate backbone of DNA. Many triazoles have antifungal effects: the triazole antifungal drugs include fluconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, pramiconazole, ravuconazole, and posaconazole and triazole plant-protection fungicides include epoxiconazole, triadimenol, myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, metconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, flusilazole and paclobutrazol.Application In Synthesis of 1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Intracellular unbound atorvastatin concentrations in the presence of metabolism and transport was written by Kulkarni, Priyanka;Korzekwa, Kenneth;Nagar, Swati. And the article was included in Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics in 2016.Formula: C6H6N4 This article mentions the following:

Accurate prediction of drug target activity and rational dosing regimen design require knowledge of drug concentrations at the target. It is important to understand the impact of processes such as membrane permeability, partitioning, and active transport on intracellular drug concentrations The present study aimed to predict intracellular unbound atorvastatin concentrations and characterize the effect of enzyme-transporter interplay on these concentrations Single-pass liver perfusion studies were conducted in rats using atorvastatin (ATV, μM) alone at 4°C and at 37°C in presence of rifampin (RIF, 20 mM) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT, 1 μM), sep. and in combination. The unbound intracellular ATV concentration was predicted with a five-compartment explicit membrane model using the parameterized diffusional influx clearance, active basolateral uptake clearance, andmetabolic clearance. Chem. inhibition of uptake andmetabolismat 37°C proved to be better controls relative to studies at 4°C. The predicted unbound intracellular concentration at the end of the 50-min perfusion in the +ABT, +ABT+RIF, and the ATV-only groups was 6.5 °M, 0.58 °M, and 5.14 °M, resp. The predicted total liver concentrations and amount recovered in bile were within 0.94-1.3 fold of the observed value in all groups. The fold difference in total liver concentration did not always extrapolate to the fold difference in predicted unbound concentration across groups. Together, these results support the use of compartmental modeling to predict intracellular concentrations in dynamic organ-based systems. These predictions can provide insight into the role of uptake transporters and metabolizing enzymes in determining drug tissue concentrations In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine (cas: 1614-12-6Formula: C6H6N4).

1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine (cas: 1614-12-6) belongs to triazole derivatives. Triazoles consist of a five-membered ring containing three nitrogen atoms and are biologically active, especially as antifungal, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitors. Many triazoles have antifungal effects: the triazole antifungal drugs include fluconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, pramiconazole, ravuconazole, and posaconazole and triazole plant-protection fungicides include epoxiconazole, triadimenol, myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, metconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, flusilazole and paclobutrazol.Formula: C6H6N4

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Field-induced single-ion magnet behavior in a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular cobalt(II) complex was written by Shao, Dong;She, Shi-Yuan;Shen, Lin-Feng;Yang, Xiaodong;Tian, Zhengfang. And the article was included in Polyhedron in 2022.Computed Properties of C9H7N3O2 This article mentions the following:

Hydrogen-bonded supramol. frameworks remain highly interesting for the development of novel porous materials. Herein a hydrogen-bonded supramol. framework of a cobalt(II) complex, [Co(cpt)₂(H₂O)₂] (Hcpt = 4-(p-carboxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole), was synthesized and structurally characterized. A single crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) study indicates that the monometallic Co²⁺ ion is located in a distorted octahedral geometry and the complex forms a two-dimensional supramol. network stabilized by significant intermol. N···H interactions. Variable-temperature PXRD and TGA anal. experiments revealed considerable thermal stability of the supramol. framework of the Co^II complex. Magnetic studies showed that the distorted octahedral Co²⁺ ion exhibits considerable easy-plane magnetic anisotropy with D = 22.3 cm^-1, while field-induced single-ion magnet (SIM) behavior was evidenced at low temperature The forgoing results further highlight that the hydrogen-bonded supramol. framework could be used as a great platform for the development of mol. nanomagnets. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-(4H-1,2,4-Triazol-4-yl)benzoic acid (cas: 157069-48-2Computed Properties of C9H7N3O2).

4-(4H-1,2,4-Triazol-4-yl)benzoic acid (cas: 157069-48-2) belongs to triazole derivatives. However, triazoles are also useful in bioorthogonal chemistry, because the large number of nitrogen atoms causes triazoles to react similar to azides. The presence of the three nitrogen atoms in triazole structures afforded opportunities for a plethora of structural modification with the generation of novel therapeutically potential agents, which is different from other heterocyclic compounds.Computed Properties of C9H7N3O2

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A high-activity cobalt-based MOF catalyst for [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of diynes and alkynes: insights into alkyne affinity and selectivity control was written by Xu, Fen;Si, Xiao-Ju;Wang, Xiao-Ning;Kou, Hao-Dong;Chen, Di-Ming;Liu, Chun-Sen;Du, Miao. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2018.Computed Properties of C9H7N3O2 This article mentions the following:

This work developed a highly efficient metal-organic framework (MOF) catalyst for the straightforward synthesis of functionalized benzenes via [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition As efficient cooperative catalyst for such reactions, Co-MOF-1, showed great sustainability and efficiency. This new catalytic system led to the generation of a series of structurally diverse benzenes in good to excellent yields (up to 95%). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-(4H-1,2,4-Triazol-4-yl)benzoic acid (cas: 157069-48-2Computed Properties of C9H7N3O2).

4-(4H-1,2,4-Triazol-4-yl)benzoic acid (cas: 157069-48-2) belongs to triazole derivatives. The many free lone pairs in triazoles make them useful as coordination compounds, although not typically as haptic ligands. Many triazoles have antifungal effects: the triazole antifungal drugs include fluconazole, isavuconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, pramiconazole, ravuconazole, and posaconazole and triazole plant-protection fungicides include epoxiconazole, triadimenol, myclobutanil, propiconazole, prothioconazole, metconazole, cyproconazole, tebuconazole, flusilazole and paclobutrazol.Computed Properties of C9H7N3O2

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The mechanism and risk factors of clopidogrel-induced liver injury was written by Zhai, Yiran;Wang, Lili;Yang, Fan;Feng, Guo;Feng, Shan;Cui, Tianyi;An, Lijun;He, Xin. And the article was included in Drug and Chemical Toxicology (1977) in 2016.Product Details of 1614-12-6 This article mentions the following:

Clopidogrel (CLP) is a prodrug which is widely used as a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Hepatotoxicity is rare but a potentially serious adverse reaction that is associated with CLP. Thiophene in CLP (the thienopyridine derivative) is a group that is easily oxidated by cytochrome P 450 enzymes (CYP450s) to generate reactive metabolites (RMs), it may be implicated in the mechanism of CLP-induced hepatotoxicity. CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 are important CYP450s involved in the metabolism and activation of CLP, and the aim of this study is to investigate whether the metabolites of CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 are associated with the CLP-induced liver injury. Primary rat hepatocytes are applied to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of CLP. Glutathione-depleted mouse model is used to evaluate whether this toxicity of CLP is metabolized by CYP450s. We also used HepG2 cells co-incubated with recombinant CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 enzymes to further assess whether the metabolites of CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 are associated with the CLP-induced hepatocellular toxicity. CLP in high dose (100 μM and 300 μM) showed cytotoxicity in primary rat hepatocytes assay. Administration of CLP with L-buthionine-S, R-sulfoxinine (BSO) for seven days enhanced the liver injury of CLP. The level of ALT, AST and TBIL in plasma increased significantly, and the histopathol. results showed the obvious liver injury; Pretreatment of 1-aminobenzotriazole, a nonspecific inhibitor of CYP450s, suppressed CLP-induced hepatotoxicity; CLP showed a dose-dependent toxicity in HepG2/CYP2C19 enzyme and HepG2/CYP2B6 enzyme models. High activities of CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 are the risk factors for hepatocellular toxicity of CLP. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine (cas: 1614-12-6Product Details of 1614-12-6).

1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine (cas: 1614-12-6) belongs to triazole derivatives. The triazole ring is a relatively stable functional group, and the triazole bond can be used for a variety of applications, such as replacing the phosphate backbone of DNA. 1,2,3-Triazoles are usually prepared following (3+2) cycloaddition protocols. A common technique for unsubstituted triazoles is the Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: a azide and an alkyne react at high temperature to form a ring. However, the Huisgen strategy produces a mixture of isomers (typically 1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted) when used to produce substituted triazoles.Product Details of 1614-12-6

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis and characterization of two novel coordination polymers based on the rigid 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid ligand was written by Yuan, Gang;Shao, Kui Zhan;Du, Dong Ying;Wang, Xin Long;Su, Zhong Min. And the article was included in Science China: Chemistry in 2010.Electric Literature of C4H3N3O4 This article mentions the following:

Two novel three-dimensional (3-D) coordination polymers, [Pb(HTDA)]_n(1) and [Co₅(TDA)₂(H₂TDA)₂(H₂O)₈]_n (2) [H₃TDA = 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid], were prepared by hydrothermal reactions and characterized by elemental anal., IR spectroscopy and single-crystal x-ray diffraction. Compound 1 is constructed from rod-shaped secondary building units (SBUs) and exhibits a 3-D network with (4¹⁰·6⁵)(4¹⁰·6³·8²) topol. Compound 2 is built up from ligands bridging three different cobalt ions and exhibits a 3-D network with (4.8²)₃(4.8²·10³) topol. In addition, the thermal stabilities of the two compounds, the photoluminescence properties of compound 1 and the magnetic properties of compound 2 were studied. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (cas: 4546-95-6Electric Literature of C4H3N3O4).

1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (cas: 4546-95-6) belongs to triazole derivatives. Triazoles exhibit substantial isomerism, depending on the positioning of the nitrogen atoms within the ring. Triazole growth retardants such as uniconazole and paclobutrazol have been known to inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellins by blocking kaurene oxidase, an P450 enzymeElectric Literature of C4H3N3O4

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation of Hepatic Fraction of Metabolism by P450 in Dogs was written by Zhou, Xin;Hui, Yu-Hua;Hudson, Loyd;Katyayan, Kishore K.;Mohutsky, Michael A.;Hao, Junliang;Schober, Douglas A.;Hembre, Erik J.. And the article was included in Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Philadelphia, PA, United States) in 2019.Product Details of 1614-12-6 This article mentions the following:

1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) has been widely used as a nonspecific mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P 450 enzymes. It is extensively used in preclin. studies to determine the relative contribution of oxidative metabolism mediated by P 450 in vitro and in vivo. The aim of present study was to understand the translation of fraction metabolized by P 450 in dog hepatocytes to in vivo using ABT, for canagliflozin, known to be cleared by P 450-mediated oxidation and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases-mediated glucuronidation, and three drug discovery project compounds mainly cleared by hepatic metabolism In a dog hepatocyte, intrinsic clearance assay with and without preincubation of ABT, three Lilly (LY) compounds exhibited a wide range of fraction metabolized by P 450. Subsequent metabolite profiling in dog hepatocytes demonstrated a combination of metabolism by P 450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. In vivo, dogs were pretreated with 50 mg/kg ABT or vehicle at 2 h before i.v. administration of canagliflozin and LY compounds The areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were compared for the ABT-pretreated and vehicle-pretreated groups. The measured AUC_ABT/AUC_veh ratios were correlated to fraction of metabolism by P 450 in dog hepatocytes, suggesting that in vitro ABT inhibition in hepatocytes is useful to rank order compounds for in vivo fraction of metabolism assessment. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine (cas: 1614-12-6Product Details of 1614-12-6).

1H-Benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-amine (cas: 1614-12-6) belongs to triazole derivatives. The many free lone pairs in triazoles make them useful as coordination compounds, although not typically as haptic ligands. Triazoles are compounds with a vast spectrum of applications, varying from materials (polymers), agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, photoactive chemicals and dyes.Product Details of 1614-12-6

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Degradation of benzotriazole by DBD plasma and peroxymonosulfate: Mechanism, degradation pathway and potential toxicity was written by Wu, Jiali;Xiong, Qing;Liang, Jialiang;He, Qiang;Yang, Dongxu;Deng, Ruoyu;Chen, Yi. And the article was included in Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) in 2020.Recommanded Product: 1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid This article mentions the following:

Benzotriazole (BTA), a widely used chem. in domestic and industrial products, is bio-refractory and is an emerging contaminant in the aquatic environment. An approach to degrade BTA was developed by integrating falling water film dielec. barrier discharge (DBD) plasma with peroxymonosulfate (PMS) or persulfate (PS). BTA degradation was significantly improved (47%) by adding PMS to the DBD plasma system; in addition, the energy yield increased 84%. Enhanced degradation efficiency was attributed to PMS activation which enriched the active species and increased the DBD plasma system oxidation potential. Radical scavenger experiments showed that SO₄^– and OH^– radicals contribute to BTA degradation, but the latter had greater direct impact on BTA degradation Superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, and electrons also played an important role in the DBD-PMS system. BTA degradation intermediates and proposed reaction pathways were identified, including hydroxylation, cleavage, and coupling reactions. Intermediates toxicity anal. demonstrated toxicity of oral rat LD₅₀ and BTA developmental toxicity were alleviated. Overall, integrated DBD and PMS is a promising technol. for efficient, economic, environment-friendly refractory pollutant removal from water. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (cas: 4546-95-6Recommanded Product: 1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid).

1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (cas: 4546-95-6) belongs to triazole derivatives. Many triazoles are versatile, biologically active compounds commonly used as fungicides and plant retardants. Triazole growth retardants such as uniconazole and paclobutrazol have been known to inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellins by blocking kaurene oxidase, an P450 enzymeRecommanded Product: 1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Reaction of aluminum azide with cyanoesters. Preparation of tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one and tetrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5(6H)-one was written by Wagner, Eugene R.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1973.Name: Ethyl 1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate This article mentions the following:

The reaction of Al(N3)3 with a variety of unsaturated β-cyano esters was studied. Both cis- and trans-3-cyanoacrylates gave trans-3-tetrazole-5-acrylate. trans-3-Cyanocrotonate gave trans-3-methyltetrazole-5-acrylate, while cis-3-cyanocrotonate gave a mixture consisting mainly of 1-(2-cyanopropenyl)tetrazolin-5(4H)-one and tetrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-(6H)-one. The reaction of Al(N3)3 and Et o-cyanobenzoate gave a mixture of tetrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5(6H)-one, 1-[o-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]-tetrazolin-5(4H)-one, Et o-(5-tetrazolyl)benzoate, and o-(5-oxo-2-tetrazolin-1-yl)benzonitrile. The formation of the quinazolinone via a Curtius rearrangement is proposed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate (cas: 40594-98-7Name: Ethyl 1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate).

Ethyl 1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate (cas: 40594-98-7) belongs to triazole derivatives. Triazoles are important five-member nitrogen heterocycles involved in a wide range of industrial applications such as agrochemicals, corrosion inhibitors, dyes, optical brighteners, as well as biologically active agents. Triazole growth retardants such as uniconazole and paclobutrazol have been known to inhibit the biosynthesis of gibberellins by blocking kaurene oxidase, an P450 enzymeName: Ethyl 1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ionic strength dependence of formation constants. Part 20. Salt effects on the protonation of 1H-1,2,3-trazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid in aqueous solution was written by De Robertis, Alessandro;Foti, Claudia;Gianguzza, Antonio. And the article was included in Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses in 1995.Synthetic Route of C4H3N3O4 This article mentions the following:

The dependence on ionic strength of the protonation constants of 1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid has been studied in Et₄NI, NaCl and CaCl₂ aqueous solution, and it has been found that the complexation behavior of this ligand is very similar to that of tricarboxylic acids. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (cas: 4546-95-6Synthetic Route of C4H3N3O4).

1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (cas: 4546-95-6) belongs to triazole derivatives. Many triazoles are versatile, biologically active compounds commonly used as fungicides and plant retardants. 1,2,3-Triazoles are usually prepared following (3+2) cycloaddition protocols. A common technique for unsubstituted triazoles is the Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: a azide and an alkyne react at high temperature to form a ring. However, the Huisgen strategy produces a mixture of isomers (typically 1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted) when used to produce substituted triazoles.Synthetic Route of C4H3N3O4

Referemce:
1,2,3-Triazole – Wikipedia,
Triazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics